Advances and Challenges in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Review
Author : Ravindra Kumar, Nishant Singh and Mohd Ahmer
Abstract :
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are gaining significant attention due to their importance in various underwater applications, such as environmental monitoring, underwater exploration, disaster prevention, and military surveillance. These networks consist of sensor nodes deployed underwater to collect and transmit data through acoustic, radio, or optical communication methods. Recent advancements in UWSNs have focused on developing robust protocols and routing strategies to address the unique challenges posed by the underwater environment, including high latency, limited bandwidth, and high error rates. One of the key areas of research in UWSNs is the development of efficient communication technologies that can withstand the harsh underwater conditions. Acoustic communication, while prevalent due to its long-range capabilities, suffers from low data rates and high latency. Optical and radio frequency communications, on the other hand, offer higher data rates but are limited by range and susceptibility to absorption and scattering in water. Researchers are exploring hybrid communication systems that combine the strengths of different modalities to enhance performance. Routing strategies in UWSNs are another critical focus, aiming to ensure reliable data transmission while conserving energy. Techniques such as depth-based routing, clustering, and vector-based forwarding have been proposed to optimize the routing process and extend the network's lifespan. Energy optimization remains a significant challenge, given the difficulty of replacing or recharging batteries underwater. Strategies like energy-efficient MAC protocols, duty-cycling, and energy harvesting are being explored to mitigate this issue.
Keywords :
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), protocols, routing strategies, energy optimization, underwater environments
