Microplastics' Pollution in Animals and Its Biological Effects
Author : Dr. Pankaja Sharma
Abstract :
Microplastics, defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters, have emerged as ubiquitous environmental contaminants with profound implications for animal health across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. This review critically examines the sources, distribution pathways, and biological consequences of microplastic exposure in diverse animal taxa. Evidence demonstrates that microplastics enter animal systems through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, subsequently accumulating in tissues and potentially biomagnifying through trophic levels. The biological effects are multifaceted, encompassing cellular oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, endocrine disruption, reproductive impairment, neurotoxicity, and immunosuppression. Species-specific vulnerabilities have been documented across fish, avian, mammalian, and invertebrate populations, with implications extending to livestock and human food security. Microplastics also serve as vectors for persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, and pathogenic microorganisms, exacerbating their toxicological impact. Despite substantial research progress, significant knowledge gaps persist regarding chronic low-dose exposure effects, nanoplastic toxicity mechanisms, and ecosystem-level consequences. This review synthesizes current understanding while identifying critical research priorities necessary for comprehensive risk assessment and effective mitigation strategies in the context of accelerating global plastic pollution.
Keywords :
Microplastics, bioaccumulation, ecotoxicology, wildlife health, trophic transfer, environmental contamination
